DNA digital storage (DDS) involves encoding information into nucleotide sequences, synthesizing DNA molecules, and storing them accordingly. Solid-phase synthesis using phosphoramidite-based chemical synthesis can be performed on a column or array solid support, enabling low-throughput or high-throughput synthesis. The synthesized DNA material can be stored in biological cells (in vivo) or stored in vitro. When retrieving DNA data, specific sequences are selectively retrieved from the DNA pool and read using sequencing instruments. Readouts corresponding to the detected molecules can be generated with sequencing-by-synthesis instruments, such as Illumina and Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT). However, errors may occur during various steps, including …
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